Diving Manual, 1943 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1. Foreword- vii Chapter I. Development of diving and training of Navy divers 1 Chapter II. Physical qualifications of divers 10 Chapter III. Navy standard diving outfits 15 Chapter IV. Description of Navy standard diving gear 18 Chapter V. Shallow water diving apparatus 96 Chapter VI. Care, survey, and requisitioning of diving gear 104 Chapter VII. Physics of diving 123 Chapter VIII. Diving — Planning and arranging 128 Chapter IX. Diving — Diver's air supply (normal air) 136 Chapter X. Diving — Dressing the diver 148 Chapter XI. Diving — The descent 151 Chapter XII. Diving — Tending the diver 153 Chapter XIII. Diving — Working on the bottom 157 Chapter XIV. Diving — The ascent 167 Chapter XV. Diving — Diving with the helmet only and shallow-water diving 176 Chapter XVI. Diving — Compressed-air illness 180 Chapter XVII. Diving — Diving accidents 190 Chapter XVIII. Diving — Deeper diving by use of oxy-helium mixture 199 Chapter XIX. Diving — Salvage, salvage vessels, and special gear 236 Chapter XX. Diving — Glossary of terms 255 Chapter XXI. Diving — Index 260 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Plate 1. Section of first floor of Experimental Diving Unit showing diver's recompression chamber (on left) and diving water tank (in background) 4 Plate 2: (1) Diver entering diving water tank, diving school 5 (2) Diver in water diving tank sawing through a section of steel piping 5 Plate 3: (1) Lecture on circuits of various above water and under-water electrical tools and equipment 6 (2) Dressing student diver preparatory to descent in river 6 (3) Student diver descending in river from diving-school boat Crilley, 6 Plate 4: (1) Diving school — Diving water tank — Observing the diver in tank and regulating the pressure to correspond with water pressures at desired depths 7 (2) Diving school recompression chamber — Recompressing and decompressing the diver 7 Plate 5. Diving school training: (1) Training in above water burning as a prelude to under-water cutting 8 (2) Diving suit repair work 8 (3) Sample of flanges fitted under water by student divers 8 Plate 6. Diver completely dressed: Attendant with telephone 19 Plate 7. Diver partly dressed — Front view 20 Plate 8. Diver partly dressed — Back view 21 Plate 9. Diver partly dressed — Showing underwear 22 Plate 10. Tool bag 23 Plate 11. Diver's weighted belt 18 Plate 12. Boxes, tin, for piston leathers and for spare parts 23 Plate 13. Buoys, cork 24 Plate 14. Standard rubber-covered combination telephone and life-line cable 26 Plate 15. Diving outfit chest — Inside view 27 Plate 16. Diving outfit chest — Front view 27 Plate 17. Helmet chest — Inside view showing cradles 28 Plate 18. Helmet chest — Front view 28 Plate 19. Helmet cushion, cuff expanders, rubber tubing, and rubber wrist bands 30 Plate 20. Standard diving dress, with cuffs attached — Front view 31 Plate 21. Standard cuffs for Navy diving dress 32 Plate 22. Standard diving dress, with gloves attached — Front view 33 Plate 23. Standard divers' and tenders' glove 34 Plate 24. Diving helmet, Mark V, Mod. I. — Front view 35 Plate 24A. Diving helmet, Mark V, Mod. I — Side view 35 Plate 25. Helmet lock 37 Plate 25A. Welding lens and frame, helmet. 38 Plate 26. Helmet, nonreturn air valve 39 Plate 27. Helmet, air-regulating escape valve assembled 40 Plate 27A. Helmet, air regulating escape valve, disassembled 41 Plate 28. Grooving tool for installing air-regulating escape valve 43 Plate 29. Diving air hose 44 Plate 30. Diving air hose couplings and clamps 46 Plate 31. Diving air hose special fittings. 47 Plate 32. Diving air hose double female coupling 47 Plate 33. Diver's knife. 48 Plate 34. Diving ladder 50 Plate 35. Diving ladder details 51 Plate 36. Plate 37. Plate 38. Plate 39. Plate 40. Plate 41. Plate 42. Underwater visibility — Studded steel plates as they appear to Plate 43. the eye under water in unfiltered and filtered light 53-59 Plate 44. Plate 45. Plate 46. Plate 47. Plate 48. Plate 49. Plate 50. Diving light, Westinghouse Lamp Co. type — Assembled 62 Plate 51. Diving light, Westinghouse Lamp Co. type — Disassembled 62 Plate 62. Diving light, A. J. Morse A Co. type — Assembled 63 Plate 63. Diving light, A. J. Morse A Co. type — Disassembled 63 Plate 64. Diver's control valve and air manifold 66 Plate 55. Navy standard diving air pump, Mark III, assembled — Front view 66 Plate 56. Navy standard diving air pump, Mark III, assembled — Back view 67 Plate 67. Navy standard diving air pump, Mark III, with top raised and front cover removed 68 Plate 58. Navy standard diving air pump, Mark III, arranged to supply air for two divers 68 Plate 50. Navy standard diving air pump, Mark III, removed from case 69 Plate 60. Navy standard diving air pump, Mark III, removed from case and showing pump wheels, handles, oil separators, and enlarged view of pump gages 70 Plate 61, Navy standard diving pump piston 71 Plate 62. Navy standard diving pump piston assembling tool 74 Plate 63. Oil separator — Assembled 75 Plate 64. Oil separator — Disassembled 76 Plate 65. Navy standard diving shoes 77 Plate 66. Decompression stage, small, front and plan view 78 Plate 67. Decompression stage, large, front view 79 Plate 68. Decompression stage, large, plan view 80 Plate 69. Diver's stool 81 Plate 70. Diving telephone, battery less type 83 Plate 70-A. Diving telephone, batteryless type — Control box 83 Plate 71. Diving telephone, amplifier type 86 Plate 71-A. Diving telephone coupling, double female connection — Assembled 87 Plate 71-B. Diving telephone coupling, double female connection — Disassembled 87 Plate 71-C. Diving telephone connection, male (jack plug housing) — Assembled 88 Plate 71-D. Diving telephone connection, male (jack plug housing) — Disassembled 88 Plate 71-E. Diving telephone coupling, for helmet gooseneck (female connection) — Assembled 89 Plate 71-F. Diving telephone coupling, for helmet gooseneck (female connection) — Disassembled 89 Plate 72. Diving telephone, battery type, and sennet-covered combination telephone and life-line cable 90 Plate 73. Diving telephone, battery type — Wiring diagram for 91 Plate 73-A. Diving amplifier equipment — Amplifier and tender's reproducer front and right side 92 Plate 73-B. Diving amplifier equipment — Diver's reproducer and power cables 93 Plate 74. Diver's overalls 94 Plate 74-A. Tank, test, for diving air system 95 Plate 75. Weights 88 Plate 76. Shallow water diving apparatus — Miller-Dunn type 98 Plate 77. Shallow water diving apparatus — A. J. Morse Co. type 100 Plate 77-A. Shallow water diving apparatus — Ohio Rubber Co. type 101 Plate 78. Pattern, glove patching — Glove palm section 121 Plate 79. Pattern, glove patching — Patch for glove thumb 121 Plate 80. Pattern, strip for securing glove or cuff to sleeve and wood plug for holding sleeve 122 Plate 81. Pattern, glove patching — Glove palm section II 122 Plate 81-A. Gasoline-driven air compressor 123 Plate 82. Turnbuckle for securing diving pumps in launch 135 Plate 83. Type plan — Installation of diving pump in launch 134 Plate 84. Arrangement of diving ladder, decompression stage, and descending line on diving launch 136 Plate 85. Arrangement of air flasks and connections for divers in motor launches 134 Plate 86. Chart — Dew point temperature curve and table of weights in grains of the aqueous vapor contained in a cubic foot of air 148 Plate 87. Schaeffer prone pressure method of artificial respiration 196 Plate 88. Schaeffer prone pressure method of artificial respiration 196 Plate 89. Schaeffer prone pressure method of artificial respiration 196 Plate 90. Electrically heated underwear for diving with oxy-helium mixtures 216 Plate 91. Haldane-Henderson gas analysis apparatus 218 Plate 92. Helmet oxygen-helium (front view) 223 Plate 93. Helmet oxygen-helium (side view) left 224 Plate 94. Helmet oxygen-helium (side view) right 224 Plate 95. Helmet oxygen-helium (rear view) 225 Plate 96. Helmet oxygen-helium, section of recirculating system, showing CO2 absorbent, canister and location of baffle 229 Plate 97. Helmet oxygen-helium, cross section of aspirator and discharge nozzle venturi 229 Plate 98. Oxygen-helium diving manifold front (end) view 230 Plate 99. Oxygen-helium diving manifold side view 232 Plate 100. Navy standard recompression chamber 240 Plate 101. Diving and salvage air lines on submarine rescue vessels 241 Plate 102. Diagrammatic arrangement of pontoon 243 Plate 103. Oxy-hydrogen under-water cutting torch 242 Plate 104. Velocity power pipe bonding press 244 Plate 105. Velocity power driver 245 Plate 106. Velocity power cable cutter 245 Plate 107. Washing nozzle — Falcon type 246 Plate 108. Self-propelling circular pipe lance 248 Plate 109. Cement gun 249 Plate 110. Salvage of U. S. S. Squalus — Arrangement of pontoons — lift of July 13, 1939 252 Plate 111. Salvage of U. S. S. Squalus — Arrangement of pontoons — lift of August 12, 1939 253 Plate 112. Salvage of U. S. S. Squalus — Arrangement of pontoons — lift of August 17, 1939 253 Plate 113. Arrangement of salvage gear used on salvage of U. S. S. Omaha 254

At head of title: Navy Dept. Bureau of Ships

Supersedes the 1924 edition issued by the Bureau of Construction and Repair. cf. p. vii

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